During the so-called Dark Ages monasticism survived on the western fringes of Europe. Tradition has it that Ireland was converted by St Patrick, who may have come from the region of the Severn Estuary; and certainly Welsh monks from the monastic schools in the south played a significant role in the spread of Christianity and monasticism in Ireland (also in Brittany). In turn, Irish missionaries began the conversion of the Picts in Scotland (St Columba, 563 CE), establishing monasteries on Iona and elsewhere. In 635 CE the Ionian monk Aidan founded a monastery at Lindisfarne, in Northumberland, but in this century Aidan’s ‘Celtic’ tradition co-existed with the Latin tradition; the issue was resolved at the Synod of Whitby, where King Oswiu of Northumberland elected to observe the customs of Rome. The period is known as The Age of Saints.

The 7th Century saw the founding of monastic schools in the north east of England, most notably at Whitby, Jarrow and York. Irish missionaries had been active on the continent and this effort was now heightened by English monks aligned with the Church of Rome. The reputation of English seats of learning increased as Europe began to emerge from the Dark Ages. During the 8th Century the Frankish king Charlemagne (ruled 768 CE – 814 CE) embarked on a massive territorial expansion that was accompanied by the conversion of conquered territories to Roman Christianity. Charlemagne’s admiration for learning led to his founding a large number of monastic schools and scriptoria and his collection and copying of manuscripts from his rapidly expanding dominions. At the same time he enlisted the help of scholars from all over Christendom, not least from Anglo-Saxon England.

The most important English scholar was Alcuin of York, who joined Charlemagne’s Palace School in 782 CE. Among Alcuin’s pupils were Charlemagne himself and his sons Pepin and Louis. Alcuin and the assistants he brought with him from York greatly improved the educational standards at Charlemagne’s court, creating an atmosphere of scholarship and introducing the king to the liberal arts. Now regarded as one of the first universities, the Palace School became known as the School of Master Albinus, a cognomen of Alcuin. Amongst his many achievements, Alcuin is credited with the development of the uncial script known as Carolingian minuscule.

The Carolingian Renaissance saw a flowering of scholarship, literature, art, and architecture. Alcuin is regarded as is its most prominent figure.

Thanks.

They’ve played each other 22 times.

England have won 9 times
Portugal have won 3 times
There have been 10 draws

now his father henry the II was married to eleanor, and before that she was married to the king of france. but since she only produced several daughters for that king he divorced her and sent her packing. she ended up with henry of england and gave him several children, 3 boys, richard geoffrey and john. when richard was killed, john then became king.

the royal family is full of hassles back and forth with france not to mention cross breeding.
would not like to go fishing in that gene pool

People think they are just two names for the same country.

Do you know the difference between the UK and England?

yessss i am English so i know

Elizabeth set out to rule by good counsel,[1] and she depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by William Cecil, Baron Burghley. One of her first moves as queen was to support the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the Supreme Governor. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today’s Church of England. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry, but despite several petitions from parliament and numerous courtships, she never did. The reasons for this outcome have been much debated. As she grew older, Elizabeth became famous for her virginity, and a cult grew up around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day.

In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings.[2] One of her mottoes was "video et taceo" ("I see, and say nothing").[3] This strategy, viewed with impatience by her counsellors, often saved her from political and marital misalliances. Though Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs and only half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the Netherlands, France and Ireland, the defeat of the Spanish armada in 1588 associated her name forever with what is popularly viewed as one of the greatest victories in English history. Within 20 years of her death, she was being celebrated as the ruler of a golden age, an image that retains its hold on the English people.

Elizabeth’s reign is known as the Elizabethan era, famous above all for the flourishing of English drama, led by playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, and for the seafaring prowess of English adventurers such as Francis Drake. Some historians are more reserved in their assessment. They depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered,[4] sometimes indecisive ruler,[5] who enjoyed more than her share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity to the point where many of her subjects were relieved at her death. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer and a dogged survivor, in an age when government was ramshackle and limited and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. Such was the case with Elizabeth’s rival, Mary, Queen of Scots, whom she imprisoned in 1568 and eventually had executed in 1587. After the short reigns of Elizabeth’s brother and sister, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped forge a sense of national identity

Here’s a cost of living estimate in pounds for Dundee, a very inexpensive town in Scotland, for a single student living in one rented room in a private home.

Expenses Approximate cost per month

Accommodation (private) £200 – £260
Food / Household Goods £120
Entertainment £75
Phone / Postage £25
Incidents £20
TOTAL £440 – £500

A small older townhouse, with no basement, in need of renovation, in a less good area of a larger town, seems to start around $80 000